WHAT ABOUT CUCUMBERS?

on January 4, 2026 by PRINCE

What you don’t know about cucumbers:

Cucumbers, like all vegetables, are chuck full of micronutrients and fiber, that is basic knowledge. The watery crunchers have also been found to bear some other health benefits which most of you may not know. Well, what am I here for!?!

Before we get into this, let me clarify some things. Although cucumbers are often used as a vegetable in salads, cucumbers fit the technical definition of fruits due to their content of seeds. Further, a lot of people do not know that pickles are cucumbers soaked in brine (salt water or water with vinegar). Now let us get into it!

What You Know

Cucumbers, like watermelons, are 95% water and are full of micronutrients with little room for calories, carbohydrates and fat. They are also marvelous detoxifiers and are great to get the urinary system moving. The potassium, magnesium and fiber content of the veggies are great in combating high blood pressure, atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular problems. They keep the digestive system going and help in alleviating constipation. Cucumbers are also great for weight watchers and losers: an absolute miracle.

What You Probably Don’t Know

Cucumbers have been found to contain three lignans (lariciresinol, pinoresinol and secooisolariciresinol) that research has shown to keep the heart healthy and strong.

Compounds in cucumber seeds have been shown to contribute to blood sugar control. Further, this fruit has been found to be beneficial for the skin and nails are great for your nails. This may be attributed to a large amount of silica it possesses which can help in getting rid of split-end in nails. This is also relevant in hair growth and sheen; in lieu of its Sulphur and silicon content, hair specialists recommend a mixture with carrot and spinach and lettuce to work wonders!

In addition, cucumbers have been shown to contribute to dissolution of kidney stones. According to Clinical Nutrition Research, cucumbers contain a moderate amount of citrate, a compound known to inhibit the formation of certain types of kidney stones, particularly calcium oxalate. Further, the high-water content of these fruits leaves your kidneys hydrated and happy. It also helps in reduction of uric acid levels and when mixed with carrot juice can do a lot for the person with joint pain and arthritis.

Recently, cucumbers have been found to contain a phytonutrient known as CUCURBITACIN. Cucurbitacin A, B, C,D and E have been found by researchers to block several different signaling pathways required for cancer cells to grow.

Guess what???..It can be used to prevent hangovers!.m. Nutrients like B vitamins, sugars and electrolytes greatly reduce the intensity of a hangover after a drinking bout.

How To Enjoy:

Use half-inch thick cucumber slices as petite serving dishes for chopped vegetable salads.

2. For refreshing cold gazpacho soup, simply puree cucumbers, tomatoes, green peppers and onions then add salt and pepper to taste. Serve chilled!

3. Cucumber juice extracts also taste great with carrot juice.

4. Take a knife and indulge in this crunchy, watery guy.. don’t forget to take everything including the outer greenish flesh, that’s where most of the wonder is!

5. You can also blend some cucumber and use as a facial mask to regenerate your skin with its rich antioxidant, water and vitamin profile.

Have a great evening!

GENERAL RESEARCH

ALL ABOUT ORANGES

on January 3, 2026 by PRINCE

Their Healing Power: Phytochemicals!

Personally, I consider oranges a fruit with superpowers! In a 2020 study, these superpowers were deemed to have originated from a wide variety of phytonutrient compounds which the fruits contain in ample proportion. These phytonutrients include citrus flavanones (types of flavonoids that include the molecules hesperidin and naringenin), anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids, and a variety of polyphenols. When these phytonutrients are studied in relation to oranges’ vitamin C content, the significant antioxidant properties of this fruit are understandable.

A Glass of Orange Juice More Protective than Vitamin C Pills Alone

A study by Italian researchers in the Division of Human Nutrition at the University of Milan, Italy showed that consuming vitamin C supplements do not provide the same protective benefits as drinking a glass of orange juice. According to lead researcher Serena Guarnieri, “It appears that vitamin C is not the only chemical responsible for antioxidant protection.” Further, in oranges vitamin C is only part of a healthful matrix which includes many beneficial phytochemicals (such as cyanidin-3-glucoside, flavanones and carotenoids). These compounds often function synergistically to provide the optimal and most complete benefit to your cells. Owing to the multitude of vitamin C’s health benefits, it is not surprising that research has shown that consumption of vegetables and fruits high in this nutrient is associated with a reduced risk of death from all causes including heart disease, stroke and cancer.

Protection against Cardiovascular Disease

The World Health Organization’s draft report, “Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Disease” concludes that a diet that features citrus fruits also offers protection against cardiovascular disease due to folate, which is necessary for lowering levels of the cardiovascular risk factor homocysteine; their potassium which helps lower blood pressure, protecting against stroke and cardiac arrhythmias; and the vitamin C, carotenoids and flavonoids found in citrus fruits, all of which have been identified as having protective cardiovascular effects. Free radicals also oxidize cholesterol. Only after being oxidized does cholesterol stick to the artery walls, building up in plaques that may eventually grow large enough to impede or fully block blood flow, or rupture to cause a heart attack or stroke. Since vitamin C can neutralize free radicals, it can help prevent the oxidation of cholesterol. Vitamin C, which is also vital for the proper function of a healthy immune system, is good for preventing colds and may be helpful in preventing recurrent ear infections.

Possible Cholesterol-Lowering Benefits

Lab tests indicate that human liver cells produce less apo B when exposed to limonin. Apo B is a structural protein that is part of the LDL cholesterol molecule and is needed for LDL production, transport and binding. Therefore, higher levels of apo B translates to higher levels of LDL cholesterol. Arguably, the most important flavanone in oranges, herperidin, has been shown to lower high blood pressure as well as cholesterol in animal studies. Hesperidin has also been shown to have strong anti-inflammatory properties. Importantly, most of this phytonutrient is found in the peel and inner white pulp of the orange rather than in its liquid orange center, so this beneficial compound is often excluded by the processing of oranges into juice.

Compounds in Orange Peel May Lower Cholesterol as Effectively as Statin Drugs

A class of compounds found in citrus fruit peels called polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) have the potential to lower cholesterol more effectively than some prescription drugs, and without side effects, according to a study by U.S. and Canadian researchers that was published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Although a variety of citrus fruits contain PMFs, the most common PMFs, tangeretin and nobiletin, are found in the peels of tangerines and oranges. Juices of these fruits also contain PMFs, but in much smaller amounts. In fact, you’d have to drink about 20 glasses of juice each day to receive an amount of PMFs comparable in humans to that given to the animals. However, grating a tablespoon or so of the peel from a well-scrubbed organic tangerine or orange each day and using it to flavor tea, salads, salad dressings, yogurt or even rice may be a practical way of achieving some cholesterol-lowering benefits.

The researchers are currently exploring the mechanism of action by which PMFs lower cholesterol. Based on early results in cell and animal studies, they suspect that PMFs work like statin drugs, by inhibiting the synthesis of cholesterol and triglycerides inside the liver.

A Very Good Source of Fiber

Oranges’ health benefits continue with their fiber, which has been shown to reduce high cholesterol levels thus helping to prevent atherosclerosis. Fiber can also help out by keeping blood sugar levels under control, which may help explain why oranges can be a very healthy snack for people with diabetes. In addition, the natural fruit sugar in oranges, fructose, can help to keep blood sugar levels from rising too high after eating. The fiber in oranges can grab cancer-causing chemicals and keep them away from cells of the colon, providing yet another line of protection from colon cancer. And the fiber in oranges may be helpful for reducing the uncomfortable constipation or diarrhea in those suffering from irritable bowel syndrome. In addition to oranges’ phytonutrients, vitamin C, and fiber, they are a good source of folate, vitamin A (in the form of carotenoids), vitamin B1, potassium, copper, pantothenic acid, and calcium.

Prevent Kidney Stones

Want to reduce your risk of calcium oxalate kidney stones? Drink some orange juice! A study published in the British Journal of Nutrition found that when women drank 1/2 to 1 liter of orange, grapefruit or apple juice daily, their urinary pH value and citric acid excretion increased, significantly dropping their risk of forming calcium oxalate stones.

Help Prevent Ulcers and Reduce Risk for Stomach Cancer

An orange a day may help keep ulcers away, according to a study published in the Journal of the American College of Nutrition. Researchers are uncertain whether H. pylori lowers blood levels of vitamin C or if high blood levels of vitamin C help protect against infection—either way, eating an orange or drinking a glass of orange juice each day may help prevent gastric ulcers.

Role in Diabetes

Oranges are high in fiber, which can help lower blood sugar levels in people with type 1 diabetes and improve blood sugar, lipids and insulin levels in people with type 2 diabetes. The American Diabetes Association lists oranges, along with other citrus fruits, as a superfood for people with diabetes.

Digestion and weight loss

Oranges are high in fiber, which aids in digestion by keeping you regular. It is also good for weight loss. Oranges are a low-fat, nutrient-rich food with a low glycemic index, which make it an ideal food to consume to protect against obesity, which can lead to other diseases such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, high blood pressure and stroke.

Oranges and Vision

Oranges are vitamin A rich. This nutrient contains carotenoid compounds like lutein, beta-carotene and zeaxanthin, which can help prevent age-related macular degeneration, an incurable condition that blurs central vision. Vitamin A also helps your eyes absorb light, and it improves night vision. Furthermore, the American Optometric Association reports that vitamin C can help reduce the risk of cataracts and may slow the progression of macular degeneration.

Dangers of Consuming too Many Oranges:

Oranges are great for you, but you should enjoy them in moderation. When eaten in excess, the greater fiber content can effect digestion, causing abdominal cramps and lead to diarrhea.

Furthermore, although oranges are relatively low in calories, eating several of the fruits in a day can add up and may lead to weight gain. It is also possible to have too much vitamin C (more than 2,000 mg a day). An excess of this nutrient may lead to diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, bloating or cramps, headaches, insomnia, or kidney stones.

Because they are a high-acid food, oranges can contribute to heartburn, especially for those who already suffer [from heartburn] regularly. People with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD, also called acid reflux disease) may experience heartburn or regurgitation if they eat too many oranges.

People who are taking beta-blockers should be careful not to consume too many oranges. These medicines increase potassium levels and, if mixed with too many potassium-rich foods like oranges and bananas, can lead to an excess of potassium in the body. This is a significant concern for people whose kidneys are not fully functional, as the additional potassium will not be effectively removed from the body.

A Quick Serving Idea

Healthy sauté onions and ginger, and then deglaze the pan with orange juice. Use this liquid as a sauce for salmon or tuna.

Practical Tip: For the best DNA protection, skip the vitamin C—fortified bottled drinks and enjoy a glass of real (preferably organic as organic foods have been shown to contain higher amounts of phytonutrients), freshly squeezed orange juice—or simply eat an orange!

GENERAL RESEARCH

UNRIPE PLANTAIN FLOUR: UNTAPPED GOLDMINE?

on January 2, 2026 by PRINCE

I would die on the hill that God placed all we need for a healthful life in the food he gave us, but we somehow derailed unto the belief that we can ultra processed our meals and still enjoy a long and healthy one. I was at a store today to do a little shopping when I saw a woman come in to get packaged unripe plantain flour. I casually asked her what for and she told me her mother suffered from diabetes and had this recommendation from a friend. I did not bother to ask what qualifications this friend had but made a resolve to get a clearer understanding of what properties unripe plantain flour could contain that makes it a workable substitute to the conventional wheat flour for diabetics. Y’all know I am not one to hoard, so here you go:

1.) First and foremost, unripe plantain is essentially composed of unrefined carbohydrates (complex sugars). These complex carbohydrates ensure a slow and sustained release of energy into the blood stream, reducing glycemic excursions and preventing hyperglycemia.

2.) Unripe plantains are rich in dietary fiber (about 4g per cup) which adds bulk to stool, reduces the risk of constipation and binds to sugars and carcinogens in the G.I.T and disposing of them through feces.

3.) They contain no GLUTEN, an allergen which could cause reactions in those who are unable to consume wheat containing meals and food products.

4.) Plantains in general are famed to be diuretics which can prevent kidney and bladder problems and also rescue people from fluid retention (edema).

5.) They are good sources of vitamin C, B-complex vitamins (particularly B6) and minerals such as magnesium, zinc, manganese, potassium and a modest amount of iron (1.64mg per 100g). A study conducted at the Abia State University, Uturu noted that unripe plantain flour contained a higher amount of the aforementioned minerals than when ripened. Now, heart diseases are a well known complication of diabetes and these minerals are heart healthy.

6.) Diabetes is a comorbidity of obesity. It has been shown that weight loss reduced A1C in diabetic patients by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing LDL and Trig levels. The dietary fiber and complex carbohydrate content of unripe plantains induce satiety and ensures glycemic stability which lead to weight loss in the long run.

7.) Unripe plantain flour contains phytochemicals such as tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids. These phytochemicals act as antioxidants which scavenge free radicals and prevent the onset of cancer and other inflammatory conditions in the long run. Alkaloids, also found in morphine, coffee and nicotine have been used by naturopaths to reduce fever and relieve pain.

Other reasons to indulge include:

1.) Plantains have more vitamin C than bananas. Consumption of foods rich in vitamin-C helps the body develop resistance against infectious agents and scavenge harmful oxygen-free radicals.

2.) Plantains have more vitamin A than bananas. In addition to being a powerful antioxidant, vitamin A plays a vital role in the visual cycle, maintaining healthy mucus membranes, and enhancing skin complexion.

3.) As in bananas, they too are rich sources of B-complex vitamins, particularly high in vitamin-B6 (pyridoxine). Pyridoxine is an important B-complex vitamin which plays a beneficial role in the treatment of neuritis, anemia, and decreases homocysteine (one of the causative factors for coronary artery disease (CHD) and stroke episodes) levels in the body.

4.) Plantains also contain folates, niacin, riboflavin and thiamin. Folates (folic acid) are essential for healthy pregnancy.

5.) It has also been said that unripe plantains ease the discomfort associated with painful menstrual period, although high quality studies are needed to prove this claim.

How to Make Unripe Plantain Flour:

-To make Plantain flour, simply dehydrate (or sun dry) raw unripe plantains, mill and sieve into a powder. Prepare the same way as semolina (use less water).

I’m not giving wheat flour a bad rap; it definitely does have its attractions as well. I’m just providing a substitute, an alternate; probably an even healthier one to wheat flour.

Alright, have a wonderful day!

GENERAL RESEARCH LIFESTYLE

ZOBO: OUR AFRICAN CHAMPAGNE

on January 1, 2026 by PRINCE

Happy new year, smellos! Glad we made it into 2026. To usher us into this wonderful new year, I thought I would do a piece on the hibiscus flower drink, which we Nigerians colloquially call zobo. I would cap this piece with a lovely recipe for you to try, so look forward to that.

Roselle (Hibiscus) has been used in folk medicine as a diuretic and mild laxative, as well as in treating cancer and cardiac and nerve diseases. Although information is limited, the potential for hibiscus use in treating hypertension and cancer, as well as for its lipid-lowering and renal effects, are being investigated.

Hibiscus flower is high in calcium, niacin, riboflavin, vitamin C and iron. The beverage has no caffeine. In East Africa, “Sudan tea” is consumed as medicine to cure coughs. In Guatamala, roselle is believed to cure hangovers. In Senegal, a roselle extract is said to lower blood pressure. In India, Africa and Central America, infusions made from roselle calyces or seeds are prescribed as a diuretic, to stimulate bile production and to treat fever.

Now, What’s New?

Zobo drink has been described as a local drink that helps in lowering blood pressure as it contains an enzyme inhibitor which blocks the production of Amylase. Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down complex sugars and starches. Drinking a cup of hibiscus tea or zobo after meals is said to reduce the absorption of dietary carbohydrates and assist in weight loss. Further, this rich red rider is rich in Vitamin C and makes a wonderful herbal remedy to fight off colds and infections.

In addition, hibiscus tea helps to prevent kidney stones, according to a study reported in the May 2008 issue of The Journal of Ethnopharmacology. The study showed that hibiscus tea improved the kidney’s ability to filter out the waste product — uric acid and oxalic acid, both of which can form kidney stones if they accumulate to excessively high levels.

In addition to its natural blessedness, fermentation is a process zobo passes through and this introduces microorganisms which process the original product to churn out more nutrients and phytochemicals which nourish the body.

A Word of Caution: Please Do Not Drink a Drum of The Thing!

However, although hibiscus seems to be safe for most people, research findings show that it is unsafe to take during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Although previous studies suggested that it could cause kidney stones in people who are not well hydrated, a more recent study conducted at the Nnamdi Azikiwe University did not find any deleterious effect of hibiscus extract on the kidneys.

Here’s a Quick Recipe on how to Prepare a Healthful and Delicious Jug of Zobo Drink:

Ingredients:

• 150g Zobo leaves

• 7 Liters water

• 30g Dry ginger or Fresh ginger

• 3 tbsps. Cloves a.k.a Konofiri

• 1 Large Pineapple

• Artificial flavors and sweeteners such as (foster Clark’s Pineapple flavor, jolly juice e.t.c) -Optional.

• Sugar Cane or Honey – Optional (You can substitute with Sugar).

Directions:

Step 1: Before peeling the pineapple, wash the skin thoroughly and rinse with clean water. You can use both the inner part and the outer skin to get added flavor. (P.S: Use the skin only if you are sure of how it was stored or if it’s been thoroughly washed.) Peel and Dice the fruit – Set aside

Step 2: Wash the dry leaves of the hibiscus severally with cold water. This is because the leaves are often times dirty due to the way they are stored. Once you’re done washing, place the washed leaves in a large pot and add the water and turn on your burner.

Step 3: Add the chunks of pineapple, ginger and Cloves (Konofiri). The taste of the zobo really intensifies when it’s boiled with the ingredients unlike when its left to steep. Leave to boil for about 25mins.

Step 4: Sieve out the extract into a bowl and leave the drink to cool. The boiled leaves in the pot can still be reused till the red color of the zobo totally reduces. You’d know when the red color becomes less intense.

Step 5: This is supposed to be a health drink so i ensure i use only natural sweeteners and flavors like honey, sugar cane juice, pineapple juice etc. Alternatively if you don’t have the natural juices, you can substitute with Artificial flavors and sweeteners such as Foster clarks flavor, Nutri C, jolly juice e.t.c.

Step 6: Refrigerate and serve cold.

GENERAL RESEARCH

UDARA: THE STAR OF AFRICAN FRUITS!

on December 31, 2025 by PRINCE

Yaaay! It is Udara season. Saw the bright yellow delight today in the fridge at home and I simply couldn’t contain myself! I sprang one open and dug my teeth into the white, gummy creamy liquid and relished every second of it. Suckling on the seeds and stripping them of their fibrous clothing. But this sweet fruit is not just a beauty to the mouth, it is also a delight to the body. Check it out.

For thise who do not know, udara is Gambeya albida (commonly known as white star apple), is a forest fruit tree commonly found throughout tropical and subsaharan Africa. The fruit is closely related to the African star apple (Gambeya africana) which is also common throughout Western parts of Africa. It is known as udara to the igbo people of Nigeria, and agbalumo to the Yorubas’.

Good! We are done with the introduction, let us get into the quick and dirty of its benefits.

1.) Star apples serve as a good source of calcium, with each serving providing you with 10 percent of the amount you require each day. The calcium lends strength to your bones and teeth, and it may also lessen symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, such as cramping and abdominal bloating. This fruit also contains 5 percent of the daily recommended value per serving of vitamin C and vitamin A. Additionally, one serving of star apples serves up 2 % of the iron required per day.

2.) Star apples may have particular benefits for diabetics. Research published in the September 2009 edition of the “African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology” indicates that the leaves of this fruit may reduce glucose levels in diabetic rabbits, the same function that insulin serves. Take note, however, that consuming star apple leaves appears to have a toxic affect when eaten in large quantities. More research is needed to determine the effectiveness of star apple leaves to control diabetes in humans according to Professor Ignatius Onimawo, a Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry.

3.) Previous studies indicate that the roots, barks and leaves of agbalumo have been employed in folk medicine for the treatment of diseases. The bark is used for the treatment of yellow fever and malaria, while the leaf is used as an emollient and for the treatment of skin issues, stomachache and diarrhea. The cotyledons from the seeds of agbalumo are used as ointments in the treatment of vaginal and dermatological infections in Western Nigeria.

4.) Methanolic extract of the cotyledons from the seeds of the fruit led to the isolation of eleagnine, tetrahydro- 2 -methylharman and skatole. Eleagnine was found to be the main compound responsible for its antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial properties of the plant could be attributed to the presence of tannin, anthraquinone and cardiac glycosides. Eleagnine was further shown to exhibit anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

5.) Extracts of the udara leaf was found to possess anti-platelet and hypoglycemic (lowers blood sugar) properties and might be employed in the management of myocardial infarction (heart attack) and diabetes mellitus, respectively. Further investigation is needed to establish the anti-platelet property of the extract.

6.) Researchers note that: “Biological actions are primarily due to the presence of phytochemicals in a very complicated concert of synergistic or antagonistic activities. Mixtures of such chemicals show a broad spectrum of biological effects and pharmacological properties”.

This rich, creamy fruit may also be the missing elixir you did not know you needed for your morning smoothie. Its yellow, delectable nectar providing just the perfect kick of phytochemicals and vitamins you need to get your day started.

Now you have enough reason to convince yourself to indulge in the Christmas delight. But don’t forget to be careful as the juice could leave nasty residue on the lips and mouth and it’s juice stains white fabric virtually irredeemably!

LIFESTYLE WOMEN’S HEALTH

PEANUTS AND BEAUTY

on December 30, 2025 by PRINCE

Apart from satisfying hunger pangs, consumption of peanuts may also smoothen make the skin, ensuring a supple and younger looking dermis.

Okay, okay.. before you crucify me with chants of “Groundnuts cause pimples”, let me address that issue first:

Ground nuts, if excessively consumed can cause acne and pimples. They contain fatty acids which enter the sebum of blocked sebaceous glands and trigger inflammation of these glands, causing pimples. Further, peanuts contain certain androgen-like compounds which may contribute to acne, especially in people who are sensitive to these hormones.

Pheww, now we’ve got that out of the way, to the business of the day:

1.) The. Anti-inflammatory properties of peanuts treat skin disorders like psoriasis and eczema. The fatty acids present in peanuts also reduce swelling and redness. It contains Vitamin E, Zinc and Magnesium whicch keeps the skin glowing from within and fights bacteria which leads to acne. The protein in peanuts also help with cell regeneration.

2.) Peanuts contain a relatively good amount of fatty acids which is believed to be crucial to the brains nerve cells. This brain friendly cell helps with stress management and mood swings to prevent various skin disorders like wrinkles and dullness.

3.) Also, the fibers in Groundnuts is essential for the elimination of waste and toxins. Toxins in the body reflect on the outside causing excess oil, dullness and breakouts. Peanuts help in flushing out these toxins and maintaining a healthy skin.

4.) Peanuts are packed with magnesium which helps in calming our nerves and blood vessels, thereby providing better blood flow to the skin, making it healthy and beautiful.

5.) Vitamin E in peanuts help to defend the skin cells against oxidation and free radical damage. It guards the skin agains UV ray damage from the sun.

6.) Vitamin C is contained in peanuts in moderate amount which helps in production of collagen. Collagen provides the skin with elasticity, preventing wrinkles, stretch marks and discoloration. It sustains tendons, skin and cartilage.

7.) Beta carotene found in peanuts are converted to vitamin A which helps in the growth and repair of body tissues. Therefore, peanuts help in faster healing of wounds and bruises.

8.) They are packed with omega-3 fatty acids which modulate inflammatory response on the skin and eruptions. Further, these unsaturated fatty acids also lower the risk of developing squamous cell skin cancer by destroying free radicals which can “go crazy” and eventually lead to cancer. Finally, these oils moisturize and hydrates the skin from within to treat dry and scaly skin!

Lol, I don’t advocate over-indulgence; too much of everything is bad, especially if you are trying to lose weight. A serving portion twice or thrice a week would provide you with all you need to stay young, fresh and beautiful.

Shine on, people!

LIFESTYLE

TYPHOID FEVER HOME REMEDIES

on December 29, 2025 by PRINCE

Scientists have suggested that pawpaw leaves may serve as a cheap source of antimicrobial compound for the treatment of typhoid fever.

In a study, which looked at the effects of its extracts on germs that cause typhoid fever, the scientists corroborated the antibacterial effect of water and methanol extracts of pawpaw leaves against Salmonella typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever. Findings are summarized below.

An Overview of Typhoid Fever:

Typhoid fever, also known simply as typhoid, is a common worldwide bacterial disease transmitted by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with the faeces of an infected person, which contain the bacterium Salmonella typhi.

The bacteria that cause typhoid fever spread through contaminated food, drink, or water. The germs after having access into the body travel into the intestines and then into the bloodstream, where they can get to the lymph nodes, gallbladder, liver, spleen, and other parts of the body. A few people can become carriers of Salmonella typhi and continue to release the bacteria in their stools for years, spreading the disease.

Typhoid infection leads to symptoms such as headache, abdominal pain, fever and diarrhoea. The symptoms are alleviated with the help of antibiotic medications. Typhoid fever, in some cases, may result in serious life-threatening complications.

Currently, typhoid fever is a problem in the African continent with limited success of treatment with antimicrobial agents, thereby necessitating the search for other agents in form of herbal product for curing this disease.

Pawpaw leaf extract is used in treating malaria caused by the parasite, Plasmodium specie. It is one of the cheapest medicinal leaves that are easily found within the local environment, and its leaves are available all through the year.

In a study, the methanolic extracts of the plant showed the highest bactericidal effect on the test isolates at low concentration of 4.5mg/ml. Also, the ethanolic extracts of the leaves had a bactericidal effect on the test isolates at concentration of 6.0m/ml whereas the hot aqueous solution showed susceptibility at 9.0mg/ml.

The researchers, who found that the bacterium Salmonella typhi was only susceptible at higher concentrations, observed that the crude extracts of the plant contain active principles that inhibited the growth of the test organism.

Many medicinal plants have been reported to contain some active chemicals which are toxic and inhibitory to some micro-organism causing diseases in human. Traditional medicine has employed the use of lemon grass as a natural remedy to thyroid fever.

Called Kooko oba in Yorubaland, Isauri (in Hausa) and Acharaehi (in Igbo), lemon grass has been used for centuries for useful properties including antibacterial, antifungal and fever-reducing effects. In one test-tube investigation, published in the medical journal Microbios in 1996, researchers demonstrated that lemon grass was effective against 22 strains of bacteria and 12 types of fungi. Scientific research has also supported the herb’s reputation as an analgesic and sedative.

To treat typhoid fever, it is recommended that lemon grass leaf be boiled in water for about half an hour with whole lime, grape fruits, unripe pawpaw fruits, unripe pineapples, cut garlic and bark of Alstonia bonnei (awun in Yoruba; cheesewood/pattern wood in English).

In addition, peeled raw garlic, a natural antibiotic are suck like a lolly for 20 minutes or so. It is continued for days. If the clove is large, this could be cut it into small pieces.

Lemons and honey are also good natural remedies. The entire lemon or lime is squeezed and its juice is added to hot or cold water and honey to taste. Lemons and limes are natural disinfectants and will alkalize the intestine.

In recent past, Vitex doniana (root), Cassia tora (Leaf), Alstonia boonei (bark), Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (leaf), and pawpaw (leaf) have been claimed by traditional medical practitioners in Ebonyi State to be effective for the treatment of fevers, particularly typhoid fever.

Vitex doniana is commonly referred to as Black plum, dinya in hausa and ori nla in Yoruba. Cassia tora is called ochigichi in igbo and ako rere in Yoruba. Alstonia boonei is known as Ahun in Yoruba, Egbu-ora in Igbo and Ukhu in Edo. In Igbo, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis is referred to as Albaka.

In a study substantiating the efficacy of the recipe, the researchers reported that V. doniana, A. boonei, Cassia tora and S. jamaicensis showed anti-typhoid activity against S. typhi strains when these were tested at different rates. The ethanol extracts of V. doniana and A.boonei were the most active inhibiting 9(90 per cent) and 8(80 per cent) of test organism.

They wrote: “Our result showed that V. doniana and A. boonei showed the highest anti-typhoid activity with ethanol extract; A. boonei, S. jamaicensis and C. tora showed the highest activity with hot water extract and A. boonei, C. tora and V. doniana showed the same activity with cold water extract.

“In comparison with the control antibiotics (chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin), the activity of V. doniana and A. boonei is the most encouraging among the plant extracts tested.

Writing in the 2011 edition of the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, the researchers stated that “The result of the present investigation emphasizes the utility of V. doniana, A. boonei, S. jamaicensis and C. tora in the treatment of typhoid fever and the need to enhance its exploitation in this regard.

“Also the remarkable anti-typhoid activity observed with V. doniana and A. boonei is of particular urgent interest considering the rate of multi-drug resistance strains of S. typhi and the fact that typhoid fever ranks high as one of the most common ailments among all age groups in the under- developed countries.

GENERAL RESEARCH WOMEN’S HEALTH

NZU: BENEFITS AND RISKS

on December 28, 2025 by PRINCE

In Nigeria, pregnant and breast-feeding women patronize it the most. This edibla chalk, which is natural and made up of fossilized seashells, may be prepared artificially from clay and mud. This combination may then be mixed with other ingredients including sand, wood ash and sometimes salt. The resulting product is molded and then heated to produce the final product. Different names have been ascribed to this chalk depending on which part of the world it is found. It is known as La Craie or Argile in French, Nzu and Ndom by the Igbo and Efiks/Ibibios respectively of Nigeria, and Mabele by the Lingala of Congo. It is sold in blocks, pellets and powder forms. While not many people know this, local chalk is composed of Aluminum silicate hydroxide from the kaolin clay group with the possible formula: Al2 Si2 O5 OH4. This has been tested to contain lead and arsenic. Exposure to lead can result in a number of harmful effects, and a developing child is particularly at risk of effects on the brain and nervous system. Arsenic is a carcinogen, and excessive long-term exposure to it has been associated with a range of adverse health effects, including cancers of the urinary bladder, lung and skin.

Furthermore, a new study on Kenyan pregnant women’s eating habits shows that consumption of non-food items impacts on their children’s learning ability. The study shows a correlation between once bright children who later become underachievers in school, “yet they possess such great abilities and talents” and factors related to birth or pregnancy. Titled, Impact of “pica” (non-foods) practice among pregnant mothers on cognitive intelligence [learning ability] of the child, the study cautions against eating items that have no food value, which can later affect the full development and growth of the child. The research which is the first ever to be conducted in Kenya to ascertain effects of ‘pica’, (the practice by mothers to consume non-food items during pregnancy, such as soil, matches and chalk), shows up to 77.9 per cent of pregnant women in the country engage in the habit. The President of the African Council for Gifted and Talented , Humphrey Oborah called for enhanced education and sensitization to parents and teachers on the adverse effects of pica on overall health and growth.

The Texas Department of State Health Services and FDA notified healthcare professionals and consumers, especially pregnant or breastfeeding women, to avoid consuming a product called “Nzu”, taken as a traditional remedy for morning sickness, because of the potential health risks from high levels of lead and arsenic, noted on laboratory analysis by Texas DSHS. Exposure to lead can result in a number of harmful effects, and a developing child is particularly at risk of effects on the brain and nervous system. Arsenic is a carcinogen, and excessive long-term exposure to it has been associated with a range of adverse health effects, including cancers of the urinary bladder, lung and skin. Nzu, which is sold at African specialty stores is also called Calabash clay, Calabar stone, Mabele, Argile and La Craie. It generally resembles balls of clay or mud and is usually sold in small plastic bags with a handwritten label identifying it as “Nzu” or “Salted Nzu.”

Over-Looked Benefits of “Nzu”; Well, Cos it’s gotta DO SOMETHING.

Eating chalk is not recommended, but kaolin clay may have overlooked benefits. The digestive pharmaceutical Kaopectate was formulated using kaolinite as its main ingredient, to aid in suppressing diarrhea and reducing toxic effects in the digestive system. Similar to many pharmaceuticals, the same actions that may contribute to constipation and complications when taken in excess display therapeutic benefits when taken in times of need.

*Properties of Clay and Detoxification

Though the study of clay consumption has revealed the potential for digestive and nutritional benefits, scientists believe the most conclusive evidence points to detoxification as a primary benefit of clay eating throughout human history. Its use appears to be one borrowed from and shared by numerous animal species, attesting to its practice not as an anomaly or aberrant behavior but instead a true adaptive practice contributing to survival and evolution. One example from the animal kingdom is the use of clays by animal species that regularly scavenge for a wide variety of foods, often of varying toxicity. Researchers discovered that the ingestion of clays by such species, among them birds, parrots, rats and primates, enables a diverse diet without suffering the toxic effects of substances consumed. The chemical structure of earthen clays determines their suitability as a detoxicant. Their crystalline shape includes hexagonal networks of silicon-oxygen tetrahedrons, giving them a large surface area with which to bond with potential toxins. In addition, hydroxyl ions and colloidal properties within their structure promote the ability to bind and exchange metals as well as adsorb water and other organic compounds. In cultures across continents, anthropologists and mineralogists have documented and substantiated the use of clays to reduce bioavailability of plant toxins from foods and make them more edible. These practices are known to have been used by native cultures in present-day Bolivia, Peru and Arizona to eliminate the bitterness of wild potatoes and prevent stomach pains and vomiting, evidenced in the laboratory by the clay’s ability to adsorb glycoalkaloids found in the potato species.

LIFESTYLE

BODY ODOR: HOME REMEDIES

on December 27, 2025 by PRINCE

Actually, I had to sit close to someone with a case of the stinkies in church; You can imagine my suffering each time the pastor asked us to give glory. Most of us have that one friend that has body odor, most of the time it’s not their faults, they don’t know. Well, here are some sure home remedies to this embarrassment.

What causes body odour?

Here’s a brief lesson in the science of sweat: The eccrine glands, which are located on almost every part of the body, produce body cooling sweat that’s mostly water. Think of it as nature’s little air conditioning system. The apocrine glands, which are located in the armpits and in the groin (among other areas), produce sweat that performs a number of functions, one of which is to work as a kind of waste removal system that offloads microscopic bits of fat and other matter. The sweat from the apocrine glands is the big problem with body odor. Bacteria feed on the fats and other secretions, and their waste products produce that distinctive fetid aroma that announces your presence before you enter a room. You’ll notice after a vigorous workout that your sweat smells OK, not great, but at least clean and healthy. Wait a couple of hours and the bacterial feeding frenzy that ensues will transform your healthy smelling sweat into something pretty foul.The strength of the odor a person produces depends on how much sweat his or her glands secrete as well as the number of bacteria on the skin. People with strong underarm odors carry two to three times as much underarm bacteria as other people. The best way to prevent body odor is to wash away sweat and bacteria thoroughly and regularly.

Foods rich in the amino acid carnitine (found in beef and pork) are known to leave residues in the intestines which have to be worked on by the natural digestive flora.Specific enzymes known as flavin monooxygenases break the residues down to an odorless state ready for excretion. If they are in poor supply, missing, or bowel flora is disturbed, a “fishy” body odor can result.

Use Vinegar to Get Rid of Body Odor

For the same reason which makes witch hazel a good remedy for body odor, vinegar too can be used to get yourself rid of your body smell. Vinegar can also lower the pH level of your skin so that you feel fresh for the whole day without worrying about your body odor. You can use vinegar in more than one ways.

Ways to use white vinegar for body odor

*Soak a cotton ball in white vinegar and apply to your underarms.

*Store vinegar in a sprayer and spray it under your arms after having bath. Don’t use any deodorant after using vinegar.

*Dilute some white vinegar in a mug of water while having bath and rinse your underarms with this water.

*Don’t use vinegar just after shaving as this may burn your already abrased skin.

However, many people may not get the benefit of vinegar while they try to remove their body odor. They may use lemon juice for body odor which is our next natural remedy.

Apply Lemon Juice to Remove Body Odor

Just like vinegar and witch hazel, lemon juice lowers your skin’s pH level making it difficult for odor producing bacteria to survive. Moreover, lemon can be used by even those who have sensitive skin that can’t tolerate even vinegar.

Get this:

Lemon- 1, cut into two halves

Cotton ball (optional)

Water (optional)- ½ – 1 cup

Do this:

*Take one half of the lemon and rub it under your arms, one by one, squeezing its juice on to your skin. Store the other half of the lemon to be used later.

*Alternatively, you can squeeze the juice out of the lemon and apply this juice to your underarms with the help of a cotton ball.

*If you do not like the super acidic nature of lemon or you only have mild body odor, you can dilute lemon juice in water and rinse your underarms with it.

*Lemon juice also stings when used after shaving. So better shave the nigh before to give a long gap between shaving and applying lemon juice on skin.

Baking Soda – Lime Juice Mixture for Body Odor

Some people sweat a little but then also suffer from body odor. For them vinegar or lime juice alone can work. There are some other people who sweat a lot and also have body odor. For such people, combining baking soda with lime juice can be a fantastic remedy for their body odor. Baking soda not only helps absorb sweat but also eliminate bacteria and act as a natural deodorant. This makes it eligible for using all by itself too! However, here I give you the way of using baking soda with lemon juice.

Get this:

*Lemon juice- from half or 1 lemon

*Baking soda- enough to make paste

Do this:

Before having bath, mix lemon juice with baking soda to make a paste.

*Apply this paste to your underarms.

*Leave for about 5-10 minutes.

*Wash off with water.

Now have bath.

Tomato Juice Bath for Body Odor

Tomato is considered to be a natural antiseptic and it can kill an extensive range of bacteria. Ancient Indian medicine, Ayurveda, has long used tomato juice as the remedy for body odor. It recommends using tomato juice in bath water. However, many modern herbalists recommend having tomato juice internally too for getting rid of body odor. They recommend drinking tomato juice three times a day. Here is how you can use tomato juice for bath water.

Get this:

*Tomatoes- 8-10

*Sieve

*Water- 1 bucket

Do this:

*Crush the tomatoes to get their pulp

*Using sieve, extract the juice out of tomato pulp.

*Add this tomato juice to a bucket full of water.

Bathe with this water. If you need morewater for bath, increase the quantity of tomatoes.

Unscented Liquid Alum Deodorant for Body Odor

Many people do not like using scented deodorants but they still want to use them just to get rid of their body odor. You need not do this now. There is this ingredient, alum, which can help you make such unscented deodorant.

Get this:

*Alum powder- 4 tsp

*Baking soda- 2 tsp

*Rubbing alcohol- 225 ml

Do this:

*Mix alum, baking powder and rubbing alcohol.

*Store in a spray bottle.

*Use when needed.

Diet Remedies for Body Odor

Diet is of utmost importance, even when it comes to body odor. What you eat will define how you smell. So, you might need to omit certain foods while include another in your diet to get rid of body odor. Here are some suggestions for you to consider when changing diet habits for controlling body odor.

1.) Drink lots of water. This helps in eliminating toxins from your body so that you do not smell bad.

Have balanced diet complete with all groups of food- protein, whole grains, fish or lean poultry, pulses, healthy fats, fresh fruits and vegetables.

2.) Limit consumption of fried meat. Foods that doesn’t digest easily or completely tend to produce toxins in body.

3.) Avoid process foods. Refined sugar, white flour and fats etc. found in junk foods will lead you to many health conditions including body odor.

4.) Don’t have much of spicy food. While onion and garlic are beneficial for health, overeating them can lead to body odor.

5.) Avoid caffeinated beverages, tea, coffee, colas and alcohol.

6.) Avoid any fried food that has been made in rancid oil.

7.) Have high fiber diet and avoid those with low fiber content.

8.) Include such herbs in your diet as coriander, parsley, oregano, mint.

9.) Tobacco causes body odor. Quit smoking and stop using tobacco in any form.

Lifestyle Remedies for Body Odor

Sometimes we need to change just some of our habits to get rid of body odor. While diet is really important, if you are having it right then before adopting any home remedy or visiting doctor for body odor treatment, you need to check on your lifestyle. Here are some tips on cleanliness, hygiene and other habits that can help you in fighting with your body odor.

1.) Bathe daily at least once in a day. Don’t use harsh soaps. Also don’t use soap for longer. If possible, use soaps with natural ingredients.

2.)Do not wear unwashed clothes. Always wash your clothes once you have used them.

3.) Closed feet in shoes that are there for long time can give rise to bacteria and fungi leading to odor. Do not wear tight shoes. Also avoid wearing shoes for longer. Try wearing open sandals too.

4.) Remove unwanted hair from armpit and other body parts where you get more sweat. Hair traps sweat and are breeding grounds for bacteria.

5.) Manage your stress and anger. They lead to more production of sweat.

6.) Keep yourself dry. Moist body promotes growth of bacteria. Dry the skin fold properly after bath or when you wash them.

7.) Wear breathable clothing to avoid trapping of sweat and moisture.

If you maintain proper hygiene and follow the rule of balanced diet, you may not need the help of home remedies for body odor. If, however, you need to use home remedies and then also don’t get rid of body odor, visit your doctor to rule out any chance of some serious medical condition.

GENERAL RESEARCH

MORINGA: HEALTH BENEFITS

on December 26, 2025 by PRINCE

I am a big fan of extracting substance from ancient wisdom and practices, for present and future application; because why reinvent the wheel, right? Until now, various longitudinal studies have confirmed that Moringa is a natural energy booster, strengthens the immune system, has antibiotic properties, cures headaches, migraines, asthma, and ulcers, reduces arthritic pains and inflammations and restricted tumor growths. Nutritionists say the Moringa plant has more iron than “Kontonmire”. Amazingly, the leaves of this extraordinary tree contain 7 times the vitamin C found in oranges, 4 times the calcium in milk, 4 times the vitamin A in carrots, 2 times the protein of yogurt, 25 times the iron in spinach, and 3 times the potassium in bananas!

*In the field of medicine, it has been found out that Moringa can help to prevent common killer diseases like hypertension and diabetes and has become the poor man’s prophylaxis against malaria and some common ailments.

*Moringa can also detoxify the body given its ability to purify water by attaching itself to impurities and harmful bacteria and allowing them to be expelled as a waste.

*There is a growing global interest in the use of Moringa to address malnutrition because it is readily available and inexpensive. In Africa, it has become popular as a locally produced nutritional supplement for individuals infected with the Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) virus. Nursing mothers have shown to produce far more milk and malnourished children gained more weight after the leaves were added to their diets.

Phytochemical Composition.

Moringa oleifera provides a rare combination of zeatin(a potent antioxidant), quercetin (a flavonoid known for its ability to neutralize free radicals and relieve inflammation), beta-sitosterol (a nutrient superstar that blocks cholesterol formation or build-up and is an anti-inflammatory agent for the body), caffeoylquinic acid (another powerful anti-inflammatory compound), and kaempferol(a key nutrient that promotes healthy body cellular function). All in all, enzymatically active and bioavailable moringa oleifera provides 36 natural anti-inflammatory agents. Free radical damage caused by electron-seeking, highly reactive, oxidative molecules has been identified as the source of many maladies through mechanisms such as inhibition of telomerase, changes to cellular permeability and DNA damage. Further, it has been established that moringa oleifera contains 46 different antioxidants. This “miracle tree” is able to provide all of the amino acids required by the human body. Protein is needed not only for the structural components such as muscle and tissues, but neurotransmitters, hormones, enzymes and immunoglobulins as well. There are various nutrients that can have a beneficial effect on enhancing immune system function and Moringa oleifera certainly qualifies in this category due to the ability to provide several of these phytonutrients.

Moringa is also used to reduce swelling, increase sex drive (as an aphrodisiac), and boost the immune system. Some people use it as a nutritional supplement or tonic. Moringa is sometimes applied directly to the skin as a germ-killer or drying agent (astringent). It is also used topically for treating pockets of infection (abscesses), athlete’s foot, dandruff, gum disease(gingivitis), snakebites, warts, and wounds.

Side Effects and Precautions:

Moringa is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth and used appropriately. The leaves, fruit, and seeds might be safe when eaten as food. However, it’s important to avoid eating the root and its extracts. These parts of the plant may contain a toxic substance that can cause paralysis and death. Although moringa has been used safely in doses of up to 6 grams daily for up to 3 weeks, there isn’t enough information to conclude on the safety of moringa in medicinal quantities.

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: It’s LIKELY UNSAFE to use the root, bark or flowers of moringa if you are pregnant. Chemicals in the root, bark, and flowers can make the uterus contract, and this might cause a miscarriage. There is not enough information available about the safety of using other parts of moringa during pregnancy. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.

Moringa is sometimes used to increase breast milk production. Some research suggests it might do this, however, there isn’t enough information to know if it is safe for the nursing infant. Therefore, it is best to avoid moringa if you are breast-feeding.